The electric drive motor is often restricted to 900–1200 rpm in order to reduce noise and increase pump life. This type of pump is available in variable displacement types with a large variety of control systems for pressure and capacity. It has the highest volumetric efficiency, highest overall efficiency, highest output pressures, and longest life expectancy. The piston pump is also commonly used in gate drives. It is driven at 1765 rpm with a 5.6 kW electric motor. 11.23 for the LPV 149 sector gate utilizes a gear pump. Gear pumps generally are restricted to less than 24 MPa (3500 psi) service. Speed and direction control of a drive system can be provided by driving a reversible gear pump with a variable speed electric motor, motor. While these pumps are fixed volume at a given speed (in rpm), their flow rate and speed characteristics are linear within their efficiency ranges. Where fluid contamination is a continuing concern, gear pumps are likely a better choice. Gear pumps have a high tolerance for fluid contamination, good overall efficiency, and are relatively quiet. The simplest and most rugged positive displacement pump, having just two moving parts, is the gear pump. Variable volume pumps are designed and constructed as variable flow or displacement and these are typically vane pumps. Fixed displacement pumps include internal and external gear pumps, axial and radial piston pumps, screw pumps, and vane pumps. For fixed displacement pumps, the volume is controlled by the capacity of the pump and the speed of the electric motor. Pumps are of either fixed or positive displacement type or variable type. Today, a majority of USACE gate drives utilize a design where the hydraulic pump and electric motor are installed as part of an HPU package ( Fig. The pumps are cycled with every gate operation. Each pump is identical and sized for the required loads to drive the hydraulic system. Within USACE, it is common and recommended to provide redundant hydraulic pumps and electric drive motors. Like for hydraulic motors, there are three basic types of hydraulic pumps including gear, piston, and vane. While some drive systems use reversible pumps, most gate drives use a unidirectional pump with a directional control valve to reverse the operation of the actuators. Hydraulic pumps generally operate at higher speeds and pressures than hydraulic motors. The fluid pressure is then delivered by hydraulic fluid to cylinders and actuators and hydraulic motors at the required pressure level and volume. They are necessary for all hydraulic drives. Hydraulic pumps convert electrical energy into fluid pressure by using an electric motor to drive the pump. Ryszard Daniel, Tim Paulus, in Lock Gates and Other Closures in Hydraulic Projects, 2019 11.3.8 Hydraulic Pumps
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